Question

It is established that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) which results in increased protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR. These molecules are:__________.

Answer 1

Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) are the two signaling molecules that directly activate mTOR, promoting protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy.

Step-by-step explanation:

Two signaling molecules interact to directly activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and these are Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1). Growth hormone directly accelerates the rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and bones, while IGF-1 is activated by growth hormone and allows the formation of new proteins in muscle cells and bone. Through resistance exercise, which increases the formation of myofibrils and the thickness of muscle fibers leading to hypertrophy, the activation of mTOR is enhanced, further promoting protein synthesis.