Final answer:
Ethical codes like 'minimize risks to research participants' mean that researchers must ensure the safety of study participants, obtain informed consent, and respect their rights and privacy, as overseen by Institutional Review Boards (IRB).
Step-by-step explanation:
Professional organizations and government agencies abide by ethical codes such as "minimize risks to research participants," which obligate researchers to prioritize the safety and well-being of study participants. This statement refers to the requirement to reduce potential harm and promote the anticipated benefits to participants in any research involving human subjects. Ethical codes ensure that every research participant gives informed consent, is fully aware of the risks, and agrees in writing to participate in the study. Researchers must also protect the privacy and respect the rights of participants.
Institutional Review Boards (IRB) serve as oversight committees to review and approve research studies. They consider ethical principles to protect human participants. Neglecting these principles can lead to both legal and ethical consequences for researchers and their institutions.