Final answer:
There are three main types of muscle fibers, twitch and tetanus are different states of muscle contraction, action potentials have different roles in motor neurons and skeletal muscles, temporal summation and summation occur in motor neurons and skeletal muscles, isotonic and isometric contractions involve changes in muscle tension and length, slow-wave and pacemaker potentials are unique to smooth muscle, and Ca2+ plays a vital role in skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.
Step-by-step explanation:
There are three main types of muscle fibers: fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic, fast-twitch glycolytic, and slow-twitch. Fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers have fast contractions and primarily use aerobic respiration but can switch to anaerobic respiration. Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers also have fast contractions but primarily use anaerobic glycolysis. Slow-twitch fibers contract slowly and use aerobic respiration to produce ATP.
Twitch is a single contraction-relaxation cycle of a muscle fiber, while tetanus is a state of sustained muscle contraction.
Action potentials in motor neurons propagate along the nerve fiber, while action potentials in skeletal muscles trigger the release of calcium ions, leading to muscle contraction.
Temporal summation is an increase in the frequency of action potentials in motor neurons, resulting in increased force, while summation in skeletal muscles is the increase in muscle tension during repetitive stimulation.
Isotonic contraction is when muscle tension remains constant as the muscle changes length, while isometric contraction is when muscle tension increases without a change in muscle length.
Slow-wave potentials are rhythmic changes in membrane potential in smooth muscle, while pacemaker potentials are rhythmic changes in membrane potential in specialized cells that initiate action potentials.
The source of Ca2+ in skeletal muscle contraction is the sarcoplasmic reticulum, while in smooth muscle, it comes from both the extracellular fluid and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca2+ plays a crucial role in initiating muscle contraction.