Final answer:
Attitudinal barriers refer to negative attitudes and perceptions towards individuals with disabilities and are an obstacle to inclusion. Sidewalk ramps and Braille signs are both forms of accessibility for people with disabilities and accommodations required by the ADA. Informal negative sanctions are social disapprovals without formal penalties.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA), negative attitudes and perceptions are encompassed in c. Attitudinal barriers. Attitudinal barriers are obstacles created by people who see individuals with disabilities as inferior or incapable. These barriers can manifest in the form of prejudice, ignorance, and discrimination, making it difficult for people with disabilities to fully participate in all aspects of life.
To address a related topic, sidewalk ramps and Braille signs are examples of c. forms of accessibility for people with disabilities, which are also b. accommodations required by the Americans with Disabilities Act. This makes the correct answer to that question d. both b and c.
As for the concepts of sanctions, informal negative sanctions are social expressions of disapproval for breaking social norms, while formal negative sanctions involve a system of laws and regulations imposing penalties on individuals or entities.