Final answer:
Management science leverages quantitative techniques and approaches, such as statistical analysis and mathematical modeling, to solve operational problems and improve organizational efficiency. Option d.
Step-by-step explanation:
Management science primarily employs quantitative techniques for solving operations problems within organizational contexts. This field leverages empirical data and statistical analysis to optimize decision-making processes and improve organizational efficiency.
By applying mathematical models, management science practitioners analyze a variety of challenges, ranging from scheduling and logistics to resource allocation, aiming to enhance the productivity and profitability of an enterprise.
Management and Organizational Structure is a key aspect of management science that incorporates concepts from industrial and organizational psychology and scientific management.
Techniques such as time-motion studies and empirical analysis, often associated with Frederick Taylor's scientific management approach, enable organizations to streamline operations and align employee tasks with organizational goals efficiently.
Unlike the social sciences, which may use qualitative assessments to understand society and human behavior, management science emphasizes the importance of quantitative data and empirical evidence in facilitating the rational and strategic management of organizations.
So option d is correct.