Final answer:
The term that is defined by an attitude, belief, or behavior favoring one race over another is 'racism.' It involves discriminatory practices and beliefs that create and sustain racial inequality.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term defined as "An attitude, belief, behavior, or institutional arrangement that favors one race or ethnic group over another" is racism. Racism can manifest in various forms, including prejudice, explicit or implicit discrimination, and institutional racism, which describes systemic policies and practices that perpetuate inequality based on race. The existence and perpetuation of racist attitudes and behaviors cause significant social and emotional harm to individuals and contribute to the maintenance of racial hierarchies in society. Racism is distinct from xenophobia, which is the irrational fear or hatred of people from other countries. The context provided points to racism as the answer because it specifically mentions a set of beliefs and practices aimed at justifying the superiority or inferiority of one racial category compared to others. This is consistent with the definitions and examples provided by researchers such as Blaut, Bonilla-Silva, and concepts related to dual attitudes regarding prejudice.