Final answer:
The development of invasive cervical cancer is primarily linked to infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) strains. Smoking, weakened immune systems, and other behaviors also contribute to increased risk, but to a lesser extent. Preventative measures, including the HPV vaccine, are crucial in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The development of invasive cervical cancer is closely linked to infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Out of over 100 viruses in the HPV family, certain strains are particularly associated with the progression to cervical cancer. When a high-risk HPV strain enters body cells, it utilizes the cells' metabolic machinery to replicate, potentially leading to the transformation of normal cells into cancerous ones.
Additional risk factors that have been identified include smoking, having a weakened immune system, the use of birth control pills, becoming sexually active at a young age, and having many sexual partners. However, these are secondary to the primary risk factor of HPV infection. For example, among HPV-infected individuals, smokers have a significantly higher incidence of developing cervical cancer compared to non-smokers. The risk is also increased by passive smoking, but to a lesser degree.
It's important to note that while an HPV infection may increase the risk, not all infections lead to cervical cancer. Often, cells infected with HPV will heal on their own. However, persistent infections with high-risk HPV types may lead to the cells becoming abnormal and transforming into cancer. Preventive measures such as receiving the HPV vaccine can significantly reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer.