Final answer:
The disease that involves changes in the brain leading to dementia symptoms due to the build-up of amyloid plaques and tangles is Alzheimer's disease.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the diseases that may cause dementia symptoms, the disease in which changes in the brain occur, specifically characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles, is Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease, named after Alois Alzheimer, involves an overall shrinking of brain volume and severe loss of neurons in the hippocampus, particularly in advanced stages. In contrast to conditions like Parkinson's disease, which affects dopamine neurons and movement, or Multiple Sclerosis, which affects the myelin in the nervous system, Alzheimer's disease primarily affects cognitive functions. Current research continues to explore the hallmarks and causes of this complex neurodegenerative disorder.