Final answer:
The vertebral structures best demonstrated in a supine patient rotated 45 degrees with the right side elevated and a perpendicular central ray are the body, pedicles, laminae, transverse processes, spinous process, and superior articular processes.
Step-by-step explanation:
A typical vertebra consists of an enlarged anterior portion called the body, which provides weight-bearing support. Attached posteriorly to the body is a vertebral arch, which surrounds and defines the vertebral foramen for passage of the spinal cord. The vertebral arch consists of the pedicles, which attach to the vertebral body, and the laminae, which come together to form the roof of the arch. Arising from the vertebral arch are the laterally projecting transverse processes and the posteriorly oriented spinous process. The superior articular processes project upward, where they articulate with the downward projecting inferior articular processes of the next higher vertebrae.