Final answer:
Both formal logic and reasoning schemata are essential tools for improving logical thinking, which includes both inductive and deductive reasoning methods.
Step-by-step explanation:
Training in the use of formal logic and reasoning schemata can help improve logical thinking. Therefore, the correct answer is c) both. Logical thinking is pivotal in analyzing and interpreting claims to assess their validity. The two principal types of reasoning involved are inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations and builds up to a general conclusion, whereas deductive reasoning starts with a general idea and applies it to specific instances to arrive at a conclusion. Training in both of these reasoning types is crucial for enhancing logical thinking abilities. For instance, a biologist may use inductive reasoning by making several observations and then forming a general conclusion based on these data. In contrast, deductive reasoning might be employed in math or logic to derive conclusions from established principles and rules.