Final answer:
Oral contraceptives, including combined and progesterone-only pills, prevent the formation of new ovarian cysts by halting ovulation and reduce the symptoms of PCOS by regulating hormone levels. However, they should be monitored for potential side effects.
Step-by-step explanation:
Effects of Oral Contraceptives on Ovarian Cysts
Oral contraceptives, often known as birth control pills, can have an impact on ovarian cysts. These pills come in two forms: combined pills containing estrogen and progesterone and progesterone-only pills. Oral contraceptives work by halting ovulation through a negative feedback mechanism that lowers follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. Without FSH, ovarian follicles do not mature, and without the LH surge, ovulation does not happen. As a result, the formation of new cysts is often prevented because most ovarian cysts form from unruptured follicles or from the remnants of follicles that have not discharged an egg properly, as in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Additionally, by manipulating hormone levels, birth control pills can help regulate the menstrual cycle, reduce the symptoms of PCOS, and decrease androgen levels. While the birth control pill can help with managing PCOS symptoms and menstrual irregularities, the long-term consumption of these medications should be monitored due to potential side effects such as an increased risk of blood clots with combined pills. Moreover, return to normal fertility may take time following discontinuation of birth control pills.