Final answer:
The nervous system consists of neurons and glial cells like oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Neurons transmit signals via action potentials, with myelin sheaths facilitating this process. Disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome can impair signal transmission, leading to neurological symptoms.
Step-by-step explanation:
The nervous system is an intricate network that is responsible for sending, receiving, and interpreting signals from all parts of the body. It includes a vast array of cells, including neurons and glial cells. Neurons are the primary cells for transmitting signals, whereas glial cells such as oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells have supportive roles, including the formation of the myelin sheath. Myelin sheaths allow for efficient signal transmission but can be compromised in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
An action potential occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body. Myelination increases the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber. If the myelin is damaged, such as in multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barré syndrome, the efficiency of these signals can be reduced, leading to neurological symptoms. Understanding how action potentials work and how cells communicate in the nervous system can shed light on various disorders and their treatments.
Synapses are junctions where neurons communicate with other cells using chemical or electrical signals. These points of contact are integral for the functioning of the nervous system, influencing how we learn, remember, and respond to the environment. Disorders of synaptic functioning can lead to various neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative conditions.