Final answer:
Pernicious anemia is caused by poor absorption of vitamin B12 and presents with classic symptoms like fatigue and breathlessness, and unique signs like neurological changes. It is associated with certain medical conditions and dietary practices and requires sufficient intake of B12 and folate.
Step-by-step explanation:
Pernicious anemia is characterized by the body's inability to properly absorb vitamin B12, which is vital for red blood cell production. Classic signs include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath, particularly during physical activity. Unique signs may involve neurological symptoms such as numbness and tingling in the hands and feet, balance problems, and cognitive changes like memory loss or confusion due to the effects of B12 deficiency on the nervous system.
Those with conditions like Crohn's disease, individuals who have had parts of their stomach or intestines surgically removed, and people living with AIDS may be at a higher risk for developing pernicious anemia. It is also more prevalent in populations that do not consume adequate amounts of B12, such as vegetarians and vegans, and in those with conditions affecting nutrient absorption, such as celiac disease.
Folate deficiency can contribute to the development of megaloblastic anemia, which also involves a deficiency of vitamin B12. Pregnant women need to ensure sufficient intake of folic acid to prevent neural tube defects in developing fetuses. Lastly, it's important to differentiate pernicious anemia from other forms of deficiency such as iron deficiency anemia and from other conditions such as thiamine deficiency (Beri-Beri).