Final answer:
The Kingdom of Ghana became renowned for its wealth through trans-Saharan trade routes, especially in gold, dominating the region and trading extensively across continents.
Step-by-step explanation:
The ancient African kingdom renowned for its wealth through trans-Saharan trade routes, particularly in gold, was the Kingdom of Ghana. The Ghana Empire, which dominated the region from the sixth to the thirteenth centuries, managed to control and tax nearly all the trade passing through West Africa. Not to be confused with the modern nation-state of Ghana, the historical empire was fueled by the riches of its gold mines and established extensive trading connections that extended across North Africa and into Europe and Asia. Muslim traders and the empire's rulers had a thriving relationship, even though the rulers themselves never converted to Islam, which shows the complexity and tolerance within the economic sphere.