Final answer:
AI must have awareness of ethical dilemmas, adhere to codes of ethics, and incorporate transparency, with the ability to navigate complex moral decisions like those in the Trolley Dilemma.
Step-by-step explanation:
To enable artificial intelligence (AI) to make moral and ethical decisions, certain essential components or considerations must be integrated into its design and functionality. Firstly, awareness of the existing ethical dilemmas is a prerequisite for designing AI systems that act within moral bounds. This includes the capacity to make judgements on issues akin to those found in the Trolley Dilemma, which showcases the complexity of human moral decision-making. Next, the implementation of codes of ethics is crucial, which organizations use as a framework guiding the conduct of AI, reflecting corporate responsibility and the broader implications of technology.
Moreover, studying neuroethics and understanding how human moral faculties operate offer insights into how AI could emulate ethical decision-making processes. Transparency, especially in legal aspects, is another significant component ensuring that the functioning and decision-making process of AI remains open to scrutiny to prevent harmful impacts on society. Finally, considering the unpredictability and the inherent biases in algorithms, AI must be designed to be adaptable and accountable, with a firm grasp on the principles of equality and fairness, possibly stipulating affirmative actions where needed.