Final answer:
The Magna Carta, created in 1215, is the historical document most associated with the concepts of limited power of rulers and trial by jury, both of which are fundamental to the development of modern legal systems in Western societies.
Step-by-step explanation:
The document that embodies the concepts of limited power of rulers and trial by jury is the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta, established in 1215, is significant for its role in limiting the powers of the monarchy and laying the foundation for legal principles such as due process and the guarantee of trial by jury.
These principles ensured that a free person could not be penalized without a lawful judgment made by his peers, influencing the judicial systems in Western societies up to the present day.
The English Bill of Rights, established in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution, further limited the king's power and advanced protections for English subjects. It also established pivotal rights like the freedom of speech within Parliament, regular elections, and the requirement of habeas corpus.