Final answer:
The correct answer is option 1. Charles I was the ruler of England from 1625 to 1649, and his reign led to the English Civil War and his execution, ushering in a republic under Oliver Cromwell before Charles II's restoration in 1660.
Step-by-step explanation:
The ruler of England from 1625 to 1649 was Charles I. During his reign, Charles I faced significant opposition from Parliament due to his marriage to a Catholic princess and efforts to impose taxes without Parliament's consent, leading to the English Civil War. The war ultimately resulted in his execution and the interregnum period, where England became a republic under Oliver Cromwell's leadership as the Lord Protector.
Charles I's son, Charles II, was welcomed back to the throne in 1660 after Cromwell's death, marking the Restoration period. It was a time when colonization was of interest again and several colonies in the Americas were founded or received significant development under his rule.