Final answer:
The missing proof values represent steps in a logical reasoning argument, following the structure of a disjunctive syllogism or valid deductive inference.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student is asking for help with filling in the missing values of a logical proof within the framework of argumentation. The premises and conclusion of the argument are given, but some steps are incomplete. The pattern of the provided argument is reminiscent of a common logical form called a disjunctive syllogism.
To complete the argument, we can assume that the missing components (a), (b), (c), and (d) must fit within the structure of a valid deductive inference. For example, if the hypothesis (a) represents 'P', and the conclusion from step 2 (b) represents 'Q', the valid deductive structure would suggest that for the resolution step (d), we deduce 'P' given that both 'P > Q' and 'Q' have been established. The disjunctive syllogism also follows this pattern, where the combination of 'X or Y' (hypothesis 3) and 'Not Y' (a possible inference) would lead us to conclude 'X' (resolution step 4).