Final answer:
Bogenschneider and colleagues' contribution to Belsky's Model emphasized the importance of societal factors in parenting, such as socio-economic status and cultural influences. The research by Gladwell and Baumrind indicates that parenting styles affect children's abilities and development, including their political socialization and socioemotional growth.
Step-by-step explanation:
In their addition to Belsky's Model of Determinants of Parenting, Bogenschneider and colleagues proposed the inclusion of societal factors and how they interact with family dynamics, such as the socio-economic status of the family, cultural influences, and the historical period in which parenting takes place. Studies cited in the information provided, including those by Gladwell and Baumrind, highlight how parenting styles and parental involvement can significantly affect a child's development, competence, and political socialization. For instance, Gladwell (2008) discussed how parents from different economic backgrounds employ different parenting strategies, which can have long-lasting effects on their children's ability to confront systems and navigate social hierarchies. Historical context also greatly influences parenting practices, and what was considered acceptable discipline years ago may now be viewed as child abuse. In addition, the family's political orientation, structure, and level of political engagement can shape a child's political beliefs and participation in civic life. Baumrind's research on authoritative parenting outlines a style that tends to result in children with higher self-esteem and better social skills, suggesting that flexibility and reasoning in parenting could be conducive to positive outcomes in child development.