Final answer:
The vertebral column is made up of individual bones in the cervical (C1-C7), thoracic (T1-T12), and lumbar (L1-L5) regions, followed by fused bones in the sacral and coccygeal regions. Intervertebral discs and ligaments provide cushioning and support throughout the spine.
Step-by-step explanation:
The vertebral column, also known as the spinal column or spine, is an essential part of the human anatomy, supporting the head, neck, and body while protecting the spinal cord. It forms the primary structural support of the body and facilitates movement.
In constructing the vertebral column from superior to inferior, we start with the cervical region at the neck, which has seven vertebrae called C1 to C7. This region articulates with the skull. The next set of bones is the thoracic vertebrae which are 12 in number and designated T1 to T12. In the lower back, we find the lumbar vertebrae which are numbered L1 to L5. The sacrum follows after the lumbar region, consisting of five vertebrae that are fused together, and lastly, at the terminal part of the spine is the coccyx, formed by four fused vertebrae that make up the tailbone.
Between the vertebrae are intervertebral discs that provide cushioning and allow for flexibility and movement of the spine. The structure of these discs includes a tough, outer layer and a gel-like center. Ligaments are located throughout the vertebral column, providing essential support and stability to the spine.