Final answer:
The Kingdom of Hawaii did not join the United States in 1854 due to American interference and the interests of American plantation owners. The annexation of Hawaii by the United States occurred in 1898.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Kingdom of Hawaii did not join the United States in 1854 primarily because of American interference in Hawaii's government and the interest of American plantation owners. In 1887, the Hawaiian Patriotic League, consisting primarily of American members, forced King Kalakaua to adopt a new constitution that disenfranchised many Indigenous Hawaiians. This increased tension between the Kingdom of Hawaii and the United States, leading to the eventual annexation of Hawaii by the United States in 1898.