Final answer:
Fragmented states separated by intervening states include Angola and its exclave Cabinda, separated by the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Russia's exclave Kaliningrad, located between Poland and Lithuania.
Step-by-step explanation:
Fragmented states separated by an intervening state are those in which distinct parts of a country are separated geographically by territory belonging to different states. Examples of fragmented states include Angola with its exclave of Cabinda, which is separated by a part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Russia with its exclave of Kaliningrad, which is located between Poland and Lithuania. Another well-known historical example includes West and East Pakistan (before East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971), which were separated by India. The complexities of regional geographies may arise from such territorial fragmentation, which is often a result of historical, political, or colonial factors.