Final answer:
Labeling theory in symbolic interactionism suggests deviance arises from societal reactions to an individual's behavior, leading to self-identification with deviant labels. It analyzes the role of societal labels in perpetuating deviant behavior but doesn't explain initial acts of deviance, which may be understood through differential association theory.
Step-by-step explanation:
Labeling theory falls within the realm of symbolic interactionism, a perspective that examines how individuals and groups interact, based on the meaning they attribute to actions and symbols. This theory suggests that deviance is not inherent to an act but is instead the result of the labels that society attaches to it. When an individual is labeled as 'deviant,' they might start believing and adopting this label, especially if it leads to what is known as secondary deviance, where they embrace this label and continue the deviant behavior due to society's reaction to them.
For instance, if a paroled sexual offender is rearrested, labeling theory would explain this by suggesting that the individual has absorbed the 'deviant' label and, as a result, has adopted this as their master status, hence continuing the behavior. However, the theory does not inherently explain why individuals initially engage in deviance. That might be better explored through differential association theory, which posits that deviant behavior is learned through interactions with others.
Different societies and subcultures define deviance in various ways, and these definitions can change over time. Formal and informal sanctions are used by society to discourage deviance and maintain social control. Yet, labeling is powerful and can significantly impact individuals, such as in educational settings where students might be categorized by teachers and peers, influencing their self-concept and actions.