Final answer:
Option (4), Based on Davies' theory and social movement precedents like the Arab Spring, the most supported answer is that the affected party may betray those at the top of the dominance hierarchy.
Step-by-step explanation:
Within the context of social hierarchies and dynamics, the question of who the affected party may betray depends on various factors such as the relative power positions and the specific circumstances in which they find themselves. According to Davies' theory (1962), major societal changes often originate not from those at the very bottom of the social hierarchy, but rather from those somewhere in the middle. These individuals may find themselves with unmet needs and expectations, leading to a sense of betrayal that can catalyze change.
Moreover, the Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street movements were primarily driven by educated yet disenfranchised groups in the middle of social hierarchies, suggesting that these are the affected parties who aim for systemic change when their expectations are not met by those at the top. Therefore, the most supported answer would be that the affected party may betray those who are positioned at the top of the dominance hierarchy.