Final answer:
A urine specimen obtained by the patient urinating in a cup without any special procedures is known as a random urine sample (1). It is typically used for a routine urinalysis.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term for urine specimens obtained by the patient simply urinating in a cup is a random urine sample. This kind of sample can be collected at any time and does not require any special procedures. It is commonly used for a routine urinalysis to assess various physical and chemical properties of the urine.
Some tests, like a clean-catch urine sample, may require special collection techniques to avoid contamination, and a midstream urine sample is one where the collection is started after the flow of urine has begun, which can help minimize contaminants. A timed urine sample involves collecting all urine produced over a specific time period, such as 24 hours, to assess kidney function or to measure specific substances in the urine.