Final answer:
In physics, a .22 Long Range High Velocity (Caliber) refers to the bullet's muzzle velocity and its ability to maintain a high velocity over a longer distance. Aiming at a target further away will cause the bullet to hit lower due to the effect of gravity. Increasing the muzzle velocity would have a similar effect and air resistance would be more significant.
Step-by-step explanation:
In physics, the significance of a .22 Long Range High Velocity (Caliber) refers to the projectile's muzzle velocity and its ability to maintain a high velocity over a longer distance. The caliber refers to the diameter of the bullet, which in this case is .22 inches. The high velocity of the bullet allows it to travel further and maintain accuracy at longer ranges.
In the given scenario, (a) if a gun is sighted to hit targets 100.0 m away, aiming at a target 150.0 m away will cause the bullet to hit lower due to the effect of gravity. The bullet will hit lower because it would spend more time in the air, giving gravity more time to pull it downwards.
(b) Increasing the muzzle velocity would have a similar effect, causing the bullet to hit lower when aimed directly at a target. Additionally, air resistance would have a greater impact on a bullet with higher velocity, slowing it down and causing it to drop more.