Final answer:
Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries experienced widespread crises of authority, economic troubles, and demographic changes due to factors like crop failures and the bubonic plague.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Europe experienced widespread crises of authority, economic troubles, and demographic changes. The period began with crop failures and food shortages due to worsening weather conditions, which left Europe vulnerable to the bubonic plague. This deadly disease caused significant population loss and led to social and economic transformations.
Not all regions of Europe experienced the same level of upheaval and decline. Some areas, like the Italian Peninsula and the French city of Bourges, continued to prosper. However, overall, the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were marked by chronic conflict and instability for most of the continent.