Final answer:
The question involves identifying various sampling methods such as simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and convenience sampling. These methods are used in research to study a subset of a population to estimate a proportion or characteristic.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student is asking about different sampling methods used in statistics to estimate proportions or characteristics of a population. Sampling methods are techniques that allow researchers to study a subset of a population rather than examining every individual.
Examples of Sampling Methods:
- Simple random sampling gives each member of the population an equal chance of being selected. A completely random method is used to select a sample, such as choosing 75 students where each one has the same probability of being chosen.
- Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into homogeneous subgroups (strata) and then taking a proportionate simple random sample from each group. For example, a researcher might divide teachers by gender and randomly select the same number of male and female teachers.
- A cluster sampling design selects random groups (clusters) and then collects data from all members within those groups. An example is selecting four random departments in a store and interviewing all employees in those departments.
- Convenience sampling involves using a sample that is easily accessible or convenient to the researcher, which can result in bias.
It is crucial for researchers to choose the sampling method that best fits their study to ensure that the data collected is robust, representative, and valid.