Final answer:
Cataracts, leukemia, carcinogenesis, and genetic mutations are among the late effects of ionizing radiation. These conditions can arise from the interference with cell reproduction and are long-term risks associated with radiation exposure, which can be cumulative over time.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the late effects of ionizing radiation, four correct responses according to the information provided would be: 2) Cataracts, 3) Leukemia, 5) Carcinogenesis, and 6) Genetic mutations. Erythema and epilation, although related to radiation exposure, are usually considered immediate rather than late effects. Ionizing radiation can interfere with cell reproduction, leading to cancer and genetic defects. Studies of high radiation doses, such as those experienced by Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors or Chernobyl, have documented the development of cancer and genetic mutations.
It's important to note that any dose of radiation is thought to pose a risk, however small, as the effects of radiation are cumulative and there might be little self-repair by the body. Moreover, some cancers, such as leukemia, have a latency period of around 2 years, while other forms can take up to 15 years to manifest post-exposure. Individuals exposed to radiation could be at risk for at least 30 years after this latency period. Overall, the risk of a radiation-induced cancer death per year per rem of exposure, though quite low, emphasizes the significance of understanding and mitigating exposure risks.