Final answer:
The proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) and distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) are the cells associated with the convoluted tubules in the kidney's cortex. The PCTs are notably involved in reabsorption and secretion, containing microvilli and mitochondria to aid in their function.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cells associated with the convoluted tubules and primarily residing in the cortex of the kidney are the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) and distal convoluted tubules (DCTs). Specifically, the proximal convoluted tubules are tortuous tubules that receive filtrate from Bowman's capsule. They are the most active part of the nephron in terms of reabsorption and secretion, with their simple cuboidal cells that feature prominent microvilli to maximize the absorption and secretion of solutes. These cells also possess a high concentration of mitochondria to produce the ATP required for active transport of ions.
The cortex of the kidney is the outer portion where all the renal corpuscles, both PCTs and DCTs, are located. Cortical nephrons are those with a short loop of Henle that does not dip beyond the cortex, in contrast to the juxtamedullary nephrons, which have long loops extending into the medulla.
In summary, the proximal convoluted tubules are crucial for the filtration of blood, playing a central role in the kidney's function of waste removal and reabsorption of essential solutes and water back into the body.