Final answer:
To compute the probability of seeing one or more defects, the complement rule is typically applied: 1 minus the probability of no defects. This requires knowledge of the probability of a non-defective item and independent selections.
Step-by-step explanation:
To compute the probability of observing one or more defective items in the sample, we need additional information about the probability distribution of defects within the population or the size of the population and the sample.
However, generally, to find the probability of at least one defect, we can use the complement rule, which states that the probability of an event happening at least once is equal to 1 minus the probability of it not happening at all.
If the probability of a single item being non-defective is known and the selections are independent, we can raise this probability to the number of items in the sample to find the probability of no defects, and then subtract from 1 to find our desired probability.
For example, using the given scenario from example 4.19 with a known defective rate of 0.02 for computer components, the probability that none of the first seven components are defective is (1 - 0.02)7. Thus, the probability of observing at least one defective item by the seventh component would be 1 - (1 - 0.02)7.
The complete question is: Compute the probability that exactly one item in the sample is defective.c. What is the probability of observing one or more defective items in the sample if 1% of the shipment is defective?