Final answer:
The question explores various sampling techniques such as convenience, cluster, simple random, systematic, and stratified sampling, which are used for selecting subjects or units for research or survey purposes. The correct option is 1.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of selecting subjects when you cannot contact an entire population is an important concept in statistical research. Various sampling techniques allow researchers to make inferences about a larger group. Here are the types of sampling used in the provided cases:
- Convenience sampling: In case a, the woman at the airport selects participants based on who is easily available, rather than at random.
- Cluster sampling: In case b, the teacher selects entire clusters (rows of students) rather than individuals at random within the whole class.
- Simple random sampling: In case c, the marketing manager randomly selects customers, giving each one an equal chance of being chosen.
- Systematic sampling: In case d, the librarian uses a fixed interval (every fourth patron) to select which patrons to record, which is systematic sampling.
- Simple random sampling: In case e, the political party's staff calls randomly selected phone numbers.
- Stratified sampling: When the soccer coach selects players from age-specific strata to form a team, this is stratified sampling.
- Cluster sampling: Interviewing all human resource personnel in selected high tech companies is an example of cluster sampling.
- Stratified sampling: The high school researcher uses stratified sampling by choosing equal numbers of male and female teachers.
- Stratified sampling: The high school principal's polling of an equal number of students from each grade level represents stratified sampling.
When contacting subjects, especially for a survey, selecting the appropriate sampling method is crucial for gathering representative data. The method chosen impacts the data's reliability and the ability to generalize findings to a larger population. The correct option is 1.