Final answer:
The compounds in question have similar molar masses but differ in boiling points due to variations in polarity influencing dipole-dipole interactions. Strong Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases ionize completely, whereas others show varying strength of acidity and basicity. Identification also involves categorizing substances as compounds, elements, mixtures based on their composition.
Step-by-step explanation:
The relationship between compounds can often be understood by analyzing their intermolecular forces, such as dipole-dipole interactions. When the molar mass of compounds is similar, their boiling points will differ based on the strength of these interactions, which in turn is affected by the molecules' polarity. A molecule with higher polarity will typically have stronger dipole-dipole interactions and therefore a higher boiling point.
Identifying Acids and Bases
To identify strong Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases among compounds like Ca(OH)2, CH3CO₂H, HCl, etc., one must consider their ability to donate or accept protons. Stronger acids and bases ionize completely in solution. For example, HCl is a strong acid, and NaOH is a strong base.
Some compounds can act as Brønsted-Lowry acids with varying strengths. For instance, H3PO4 and H2SO4 can donate protons, but their strength is less than that of the hydronium ion (H3O+) and greater than that of water (H2O).
Similarly, compounds like NH3 can act as Brønsted-Lowry bases with intermediate strength. They can accept protons more readily than water (H2O), but not as readily as the hydroxide ion (OH-).
Elemental Composition and Ratios
Determining the element ratio in compounds involves breaking down the chemical formula to its constituent elements.
Classifying Substances
Substances can be categorized into compounds, elements, heterogeneous mixtures, or homogeneous mixtures based on their composition. Examples include white wine as a homogeneous mixture and mercury as a pure element.