Final answer:
Septic shock is caused by bacterial infections leading to a severe immune response, with gram-negative bacteria's LPS being a notable trigger. It can follow infections in the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or urinary system, and may be associated with superficial wounds or catheters. Treatments involve antibiotics and medications to reduce inflammation and support blood pressure.
Step-by-step explanation:
Causes of Septic Shock
The causes of septic shock primarily involve bacterial infections that can lead to a severe inflammatory and immune response in the body. Notably, gram-negative bacteria, when they reach the bloodstream, can trigger septic shock by releasing large quantities of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). These substances can lead to overwhelming inflammatory responses, including the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). These cytokines can induce vasodilation and increase vascular permeability, causing a significant drop in blood pressure. Conditions such as bacterial pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, and urinary tract infections are closely associated with sepsis. Furthermore, certain bacteria release toxins that can directly lead to shock. Among these, Streptococcus pyogenes can cause streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSS), which may result in complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a higher mortality rate.
In addition to these biological causes, septic shock can stem from infections related to superficial wounds, animal bites, and indwelling catheters. The manifestation of severe inflammation and innate immune responses can lead to multi-organ failure and death if not treated promptly and effectively. To mitigate the dangerous events and outcomes of septic shock, therapies may include the administration of antibiotics, antihistamines, and select steroids to combat the infection and alleviate the inflammatory response.