Question

The nurse is teaching a class on atherosclerosis. Which statement describes the scientific rationale as to why diabetes is a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis?

a. Glucose combines with carbon monoxide, instead of with oxygen, and this leads to oxygen deprivation of tissues.
b. Diabetes stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in peripheral constriction that increases the development of atherosclerosis.
c. Diabetes speeds the atherosclerotic process by thickening the basement membrane of both large and small vessels.
d. The increased glucose combines with the hemoglobin, which causes deposits of plaque in the lining of the vessels.

Answer 1

Diabetes is a risk factor for atherosclerosis due to the glycosylation of proteins in blood vessels caused by persistently high blood glucose levels, resulting in endothelial injury, inflammation, and plaque formation that narrows the arteries and increases cardiovascular risk.

Step-by-step explanation:

The scientific rationale as to why diabetes is a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis is mainly related to the effect of high blood glucose on blood vessels. Persistent elevated levels of glucose lead to the glycosylation of proteins within the blood vessels, causing damage to the endothelium and thickening of the basement membranes. This, in turn, can result in the narrowing of arteries, increased blood pressure, and ultimately, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.

Moreover, diabetes can contribute to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and the promotion of an environment favorable to atherosclerotic plaque buildup. Over time, these plaques can narrow the arteries leading to impaired blood flow and increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. The high glucose levels in diabetes can cause glycosylation of the cells within the blood vessels, which disrupts their membranes and can lead to blood clots and increasing cholesterol deposits, exacerbating the atherosclerosis condition.