Final answer:
The belief that California law is exclusively based on the "letter" of the law is false, as courts consider both the precise wording and the intent behind the law. Pennsylvania's post-independence constitution was liberal, and the necessary and proper clause has allowed for congressional flexibility, not limitation. option b is false
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that California law is based on the "letter" of the law as opposed to the "spirit" of the law is false. The distinction between the "letter" of the law and the "spirit" of the law pertains to how legal texts are interpreted. The "letter" of the law refers to the precise wording, while the "spirit" of the law considers the intent behind the statutes. In practice, courts often look at both the letter and the spirit when interpreting laws.
Regarding Exercise 9.1.3, Pennsylvania adopted a liberal constitution post-independence, not a conservative one, making the statement false. For Exercise 9.3.1, the necessary and proper clause has not limited the power of the national government.
In fact, it has been interpreted as granting flexibility to Congress in exercising its powers, which means the statement is false. As for Exercise 5.2.3, John Locke did indeed write the original constitution for Carolina, but it was later deemed unsuitable, which makes this statement true.
Lastly, when considering the types of law that both state and federal courts can hear, the correct answer is c. both civil and criminal law. . option b is false