Final answer:
During all vascular access procedures, gloves must be worn to protect both the healthcare provider and the patient from potential pathogens and infections.
Step-by-step explanation:
The answer to the question is b. Gloves.
During all vascular access procedures, gloves must be worn to protect both the healthcare provider and the patient from potential pathogens and infections. Gloves act as a barrier between the healthcare provider's hands and the patient's blood or body fluids, reducing the risk of transmission of infectious diseases.
For example, when a healthcare provider inserts a needle into a patient's vein for intravenous therapy or blood draw, wearing gloves helps prevent direct contact with the patient's blood and reduces the risk of contamination.