Final answer:
Hypernatremia is the correct answer, as it reflects the loss of more water than salt resulting in hypertonic body fluids, commonly associated with conditions like diabetes insipidus due to ADH deficiency.
Step-by-step explanation:
When there is a water deficit leading to hyperosmolar imbalance, the condition is characterized by a hypertonic state where body fluids contain a higher concentration of solutes such as sodium. This occurs due to the loss of relatively more water than salt, which can be seen in conditions like diabetes insipidus (due to ADH deficiency), osmotic diuresis (often induced by hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus), or increased insensible perspiration and respiratory water output without a corresponding increase in water intake.
In such states, the electrolyte imbalance known as hypernatremia may develop, which is an abnormally high concentration of sodium in the blood. It differs from hyponatremia, where there is a low concentration of sodium, typically linked to excessive water accumulation. Conversely, when discussing the impact of sodium (Na+) on the body, it is important to recognize that Na+ has a strong osmotic effect and its excess can lead to dehydration, among other issues. Therefore, the correct answer to the schoolwork question is b. HYPERnatremia, as it is a direct result of losing more water relative to sodium, leading to increased sodium concentration in the body fluids.