Final answer:
The subject is nulliparous, white, and has a positive family history, which increases her risk for both ovarian and breast cancer due to inherited factors such as mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Both her gender and ethnicity contribute to the risk factor, alongside the strong family history indicative of a potential BRCA mutation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question posed is related to the assessment of risk for breast and ovarian cancer associated with being nulliparous, white, and having a positive family history. The presence of mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increases the risk for these cancers but does not guarantee their development due to the influence of environmental factors as well. A positive family history, as indicated by multiple relatives with the same type of cancer, cancers at an early age, or cancer in a pair of organs, increases the likelihood of inheriting such mutations. It's important to note that both male and female offspring have the same likelihood of inheriting the BRCA gene mutations. Therefore, bearing these factors in mind:
- Being nulliparous (having never given birth) is associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
- Having a positive family history of breast or ovarian cancer increases the risk of developing these cancers.
- Ethnicity can play a role in the prevalence of specific gene mutations within certain populations, thus influencing the level of risk.
Considering these factors, the correct answer would be a. Increased risk for ovarian cancer and c. Increased risk for breast cancer.