Final answer:
Four common interventions that may add to pain during labor are induction of labor, epidural anesthesia, instrument-assisted delivery, and episiotomy.
Step-by-step explanation:
The pain during labor can be intensified by various interventions. Four common interventions that may add to pain during labor are:
- Induction of labor: This involves the use of medications or techniques to start or speed up labor. Induced contractions can be more intense and painful.
- Epidural anesthesia: While epidural anesthesia helps manage pain during labor, it can also cause prolonged labor and the need for additional interventions, leading to increased pain.
- Instrument-assisted delivery: The use of instruments like forceps or vacuum extraction to assist with the delivery can cause discomfort and potential trauma to the mother.
- Episiotomy: An episiotomy is a surgical incision made in the perineum to widen the birth canal during delivery. This can lead to pain and discomfort during and after labor.