Question

The passage of the 14th Amendment: 

a. addressed state governments, but later Supreme Court decisions limited its effects to only "national citizenship"

b. banned citizenship to anyone born outside the United States after 1865

c. fully incorporated the Bill of Rights to the states

d. none of these

Answer 1

The passage of the 14th Amendment addressed citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law at the state and federal level, and it did not limit citizenship to national citizenship, ban citizenship outside the U.S. after 1865, or fully incorporate the Bill of Rights to the states.

Step-by-step explanation:

The correct answer to the question is d. none of these. The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, was instrumental in shaping American civil rights by defining national and state citizenship, ensuring equal protection under the law, and overriding the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision, which had asserted that African Americans could not be citizens. The Equal Protection Clause prohibits states from denying any person within their jurisdiction equal protection of the laws, therefore it applies to state governments. Moreover, unlike the interpretations suggesting that it limited citizenship or fully incorporated the Bill of Rights to the states, the 14th Amendment's aim was broader in guaranteeing due process and equal status to all citizens.