Final answer:
A Section 1983 case is filed under federal law and aims to address civil rights violations. Both state and federal courts hear civil and criminal cases, and state cases involving federal questions may be heard in federal courts, as seen in Arizona v. United States.
The correct option is d.
Step-by-step explanation:
A Section 1983 case is filed under federal law. Section 1983 refers to a statute that allows individuals to sue for civil rights violations, involving the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, by someone acting under the color of state law. These cases can be heard in both state and federal courts, but since they involve federal law, they are more commonly associated with the federal court system.
Both state and federal courts have the authority to hear matters involving civil and criminal law. A state case is more likely to be heard by federal courts when it involves a federal question, meaning it concerns the U.S. Constitution, federal laws, or treaties.
For instance, in the case of Arizona v. United States, the federal government challenged an Arizona state immigration law, asserting that immigration laws fall within the federal domain. The Supreme Court, agreeing with the federal government position, determined that specific provisions of the state law conflicted with federal law.
State courts handle a broad range of cases, including most criminal activities and civil matters, but cases involving federal law, constitutional issues, or the U.S. government itself will typically end up in the federal courts.