Final answer:
The laws passed after Reconstruction that only allowed people to vote if their grandfather had been able to vote primarily disenfranchised a.)recently emancipated black Americans and c.)poor whites.
Step-by-step explanation:
The laws passed after Reconstruction that only allowed people to vote if their grandfather had been able to vote primarily disenfranchised a. recently emancipated black Americans and c. poor whites. These laws, known as grandfather clauses, exempted those who had been allowed to vote in that state prior to the Civil War and their descendants from literacy and understanding tests. Since Black people were not allowed to vote prior to the Civil War, but most White men had been voting at a time when there were no literacy tests, this loophole allowed most illiterate white people to vote while leaving obstacles in place for Black people who wanted to vote as well.