Final answer:
A non-permitted disclosure of health information, under laws like HIPAA, could be any disclosure made without patient consent and not for direct care or payment purposes. Disclosing health information in litigation without legal orders or patient permission is generally not permitted. option (A)
Step-by-step explanation:
The question concerns permitted disclosures of health information under legal frameworks such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). While HIPAA does allow for the use of health information for certain purposes—like treatment, payment, and healthcare operations—it also provides patients with rights to privacy regarding their medical information. A non-permitted disclosure might be one that is made without the patient's consent and not for reasons of treatment, payment, or healthcare operations.
For instance, if health information is used for purposes not directly connected to patient care or payment without patient consent, it could be considered a violation. In the context of litigation, the use of health information would typically require a legal order or the patient’s permission, and other restrictions may also apply depending on the context. Therefore, indiscriminate use of health information in litigation without complying with legal standards is not permitted and can be considered a violation of privacy rights.