Final answer:
Rh status affects subsequent pregnancies, as Rh-negative mothers can develop anti-D antibodies that lead to HDN in following Rh-positive pregnancies if not prevented by Rho(D) immune globulin. Rubella during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome with severe outcomes, making prenatal screening and immunization crucial.
Step-by-step explanation:
Rh Status and Pregnancy
- Rh status is crucial in pregnancy as it affects subsequent pregnancies. When a woman who is Rh-negative (Rh-) carries an Rh-positive (Rh+) fetus, she can usually carry to term without issues during the first pregnancy. However, if maternal and fetal blood mix during childbirth, the mother may develop anti-D antibodies. In a subsequent pregnancy with an Rh+ baby, these antibodies can cross the placenta and cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), which can be fatal. Preventive measures include administering Rho(D) immune globulin to the mother to stop antibody formation.
Rubella and Pregnancy
- Rubella during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, can lead to congenital rubella syndrome, causing severe birth defects, stillbirth, or spontaneous abortion. The virus is teratogenic, and prenatal screening for rubella is vital for preventing these complications. Pregnant women are advised to undergo screening and, if necessary, be vaccinated before pregnancy to ensure immunity.