Final answer:
The correct answer is C) Libel per se. Libel per se refers to written or broadcast statements that are inherently damaging to the reputation, while slander per se applies to spoken defamation. Public figures must prove 'actual malice' to succeed in a libel case, as established by New York Times v. Sullivan.
Step-by-step explanation:
Statements that are libelous in actual contexts are categorized as Libel per se. Libel refers to the publication of false statements that damage a person's reputation. The law differentiates between spoken defamation, known as slander, and written or broadcast defamation, known as libel.
When the defamation is obvious and apparent without the need for additional information, it is considered defamation per se, which includes both slander per se and libel per se. For example, certain allegations, such as those related to crimes, contagious diseases, or professional incompetence, are assumed to be harmful to one's reputation and are designated as defamation per se.
Notably, when it comes to public officials or figures, like in the landmark case of New York Times v. Sullivan, they must demonstrate that the false statement was made with 'actual malice' - that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard for the truth.