Final answer:
A compound vault formed by the perpendicular intersection of two vaults, creating arched diagonal ribs called groins, is known as a Groin Vault (option A) . Characteristic for its structural efficiency by concentrating thrust at its corners, it plays a significant role in Gothic architecture for allowing larger and lighter spaces.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of compound vault formed by the perpendicular intersection of two vaults, creating arched diagonal ribs called groins, is known as a Groin Vault. These vaults are characterized by the distinctive X-shape they produce on the ceiling and the fact that the thrust is directed along the groins, allowing for the corners to be the main support points. This architectural innovation enables greater flexibility in the design of spaces beneath the vault.
Historically, groins were pivotal in Gothic architecture, where the pointed ribbed groin vault allowed for constructing higher ceilings and more spacious interiors than what round arches could achieve. The Gothic period saw the complex evolution of ribbed vaulting, with additional decorative elements like lierne ribs and tierceron that further enhanced the intricacy of these structures.
Vaults have been a crucial aspect of architectural design over the centuries, allowing for the creation of large, open interior spaces. They are significant not only for their structural role but also for the aesthetics they bring to a building, influencing the overall atmosphere within. The Groin Vault, in particular, contributed to this by reducing the need for solid walls, providing opportunities for large windows and consequently, lighter and more open spaces.