Final answer:
a. New public management, new public service, and traditional bureaucracy.
Administrative reform in government is currently focused on New Public Management, New Public Service, and maintaining traditional bureaucracy, aiming to increase efficiency, responsiveness, and effectiveness. The notion of bureaucratic privatization often excludes direct congressional empowerment or mandatory public agency meetings.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to the three approaches to administrative reform currently being used by government officials, which are New Public Management, New Public Service, and traditional bureaucracy. These approaches aim to improve efficiency, responsiveness, and effectiveness in public administration.
The first, New Public Management, focuses on efficiency and effectiveness by implementing management techniques from the private sector. The second, New Public Service, emphasizes serving citizens and meeting community needs rather than simply managing resources. Finally, traditional bureaucracy remains a cornerstone of administrative reform, with its structured hierarchy and emphasis on following official procedures and rules.
When reformers talk about bureaucratic privatization—which is the process of transferring the provision of services from the public sector to the private sector—it generally includes processes such as deregulation, contracting out services, and franchising.
This trend reflects a move towards a free-market approach within the framework of public administration, It does not traditionally include actions such as empowering Congress or forcing agencies to hold public meetings. Instead, these are more likely methods of bureaucratic oversight and increased transparency rather than means of privatization.