Final answer:
Federal reform efforts have taken ideas from international organizations, state governments, and the private sector, drawing on a historical tradition of collaborative approaches to policy-making across different levels and sectors. d. International organizations, local communities, and private sector.
Step-by-step explanation:
Federal reform efforts have borrowed strategies and ideas from multiple sources over time to shape policy and legislation. Among the options provided, these efforts have incorporated inputs from international organizations, state governments, and the private sector.
Associations like the National Governors Association and the National Conference of State Legislatures demonstrate the role of state and local entities in lobbying and influencing federal policy through shared concerns and resolutions.
The end goal of these various influences is to facilitate societal progress and address growing necessities. For instance, welfare reforms granted states discretion in the management of welfare programs, allowing local adjustments to federal initiatives.
This illustrates how these reform strategies significantly impact the cooperation and functionality of the different layers of the federal system in the United States.