Final answer:
In veterinary clinics, a written consent form is typically required for major surgery due to the higher risks involved, as opposed to routine vaccinations, nail trimmings, and examinations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the scenarios in a veterinary clinic, a written consent form is typically required for c) Major surgery. This is because major surgery involves significant risks, potential complications, and anesthesia, which may present a higher level of risk for the patient. The consent form serves as a legal document that ensures the pet owner or guardian understands these risks, the nature of the surgery, potential benefits, and alternatives, and agrees to proceed with the surgical intervention. Other procedures like a) Routine vaccination, b) Nail trimming, and d) Routine examination may not require written consent as they are considered low-risk, standard procedures in veterinary care. However, policies can vary by clinic, and some may opt to have written consent for a broader range of services.